Where We’re At: Taking Stock of Progress on Business and Human Rights

Five years after the endorsement of the Guiding Principles at the UN – and the founding of Shift – we reflect on five positive areas of progress, and five areas where urgent progress is needed.

A little over five years ago, we were sitting in a room at the United Nations in Geneva, eagerly awaiting the endorsement of a groundbreaking standard on business respect for human rights. On June 16, 2011, the UN Human Rights Council unanimously gave that endorsement to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.

By mid-July, we had established Shift, with our mission to put the Guiding Principles into practice.

Five years later, significant progress on business respect for human rights has been made, thanks to the tireless work of the entire community of business and human rights practitioners, supporters and advocates. But we still have a long way to go.

On our fifth anniversary as an organization, we offer here five reflections that give us confidence that progress is real and accelerating – and five reflections on issues that remain a brake on the pace of change that is needed.

Five Reflections on Meaningful Progress /

1. Reaching far beyond the usual crowd

Five years ago, companies active in the business and human rights debate were mostly large Western extractives, brands and retailers. Today, the conversation has moved far beyond those groups and into business to business relationships. This dynamic has advanced far and fast due to a mix of regulatory developments that are driving human rights due diligence through global supply chains, such as the US federal government procurement requirements on trafficking and the UK Modern Slavery Act, company efforts such as those driven by the Global Business Initiative on Human Rights, and NGO and trade union campaigns on abuses in companies’ operations in a wide range of contexts.

Moreover different kinds of “enterprises” are understanding that the Guiding Principles speak to them as well. Institutional investors are recognizing that they themselves are exposed where they invest in companies that have severe human rights impacts. Our recent work with John Ruggie to develop recommendations for embedding respect for human rights at FIFA shows the relevance of this agenda for major sports organizations too. We hope to see that trend grow further through the work of the Institute for Human Rights and Business on mega-sporting events.

2. Meaningful communication instead of PR

Meaningful communication is a real driver for improved management of human rights issues — leading to a positive change in people’s lives.

With most people around the world easily able to share news and information, corporate impacts on people’s rights can hardly be kept a secret. Few people are convinced by company reports that avoid these challenges, suggest they are neatly resolved, or offer the number of people trained or audits conducted as a sign that it’s all under control.

We now have a growing cadre of companies – the likes of Unilever, Nestlé, H&M, Newmont, Marks & Spencer, Ericsson and Microsoft – offering far more meaningful insights into their human rights challenges, processes, outcomes and forward plans. We are proud at Shift to have worked with Mazars to develop the UN Guiding Principles Reporting Framework that is driving this new trend with the support of a large coalition of investors. This kind of meaningful communication sets the scene for more valuable discussions with all stakeholders — and it is also a real driver for improved management of human rights issues, leading to a positive change in people’s lives.

3. Follow the money: driving change through public finance

When those with the money ask questions, companies pay attention.

Public financial institutions, like national development finance institutions and export credit agencies, can play a critical role in helping to set expectations for many other industry sectors. Their practices enhance or undermine states’ implementation of their own duty to protect human rights.

For over two decades, many have sought to address environmental and social risks through the adoption of risk management approaches based on the International Finance Corporation’s Performance Standards. But leading public financial institutions are now asking whether these existing approaches are sufficient, and how they might need to evolve to meet the expectations of human rights due diligence. This shift in focus is likely to increase as a result of the 2016 revision of the OECD “Common Approaches,” which introduce new human rights expectations that apply to export credit agencies in all OECD countries.

When those with the money ask questions, companies pay attention.

Through our work with organizations like Norway’s export credit agency, the UK’s development finance institution and Peru’s independent banking regulator, we’ve explored what public financial institutions can do to strengthen their own approaches. And we’re excited about the leadership role that these institutions can play in driving broader conversations among their peers.

4. Delivering wise legal counsel

Whether as in-house counsel inside major corporations, or as external advisors in large law firms, lawyers have the potential to significantly hinder, or to advance, companies’ efforts to respect human rights. We are proud of the leadership of our own General Counsel John Sherman in chairing a working group of the International Bar Association that developed groundbreaking guidance for business lawyers globally on what the Guiding Principles mean for their practice. The guidance recognizes the distinct and special responsibilities that lawyers have to their clients, and helps them explore some of the challenges that may arise.

With the unanimous endorsement of the guidance by the IBA in June 2016, the question of whether or not corporate lawyers have a role to play in implementing the Guiding Principles has been laid firmly to rest. We can now all get on with exploring what this actually looks like in practice.

With the unanimous endorsement of the guidance by the IBA in June 2016, the question of whether or not corporate lawyers have a role to play in implementing the Guiding Principles has been laid firmly to rest. We can now all get on with exploring what this actually looks like in practice.

5. New ways of working together

It has become a cliché to say that companies cannot address systemic human rights challenges alone. The need for collective action has been recognized for some time. These initiatives, whether within industries or in multistakeholder settings, can no longer just be a means to share practice or – worse still – to hide in the pack. So we welcome the new dynamic towards impactful action around specific (yet big) challenges. Take the Bangladesh Accord tackling building safety in that country, or the ACT initiative to see how industry-wide collective bargaining can advance living wages in the apparel sector.

These are targeted initiatives with a clear ambition that recognizes the critical role of trade unions as a partner in advancing solutions. The commitment of the Consumer Goods Forum to take on forced labor should be another such example, matching their environmental commitment to “zero net deforestation” by 2020. A focus on specific outcomes around big challenges with a defined scope and the right partners, and based on clear commitments and accountability, is the new expectation for collective action. | See an example of how Shift is supporting the Dutch government in facilitating collaborative dialogue on human rights risks

Five Areas Urgently Needing More Progress /

1. Putting the action into National Action Plans

Government commitments to develop National Action Plans on business and human rights (NAPs) to implement the Guiding Principles have been far too slow to materialize. Over 25 NAPs (and substantially more by some counts) are in the works, which is potentially good news. Processes with strong civil society contribution, such as that coordinated by Poder in Mexico, or with leadership and expertise from the National Human Rights Institution, such as provided by SUHAKAM in Malaysia, offer particular hope. 

But inevitably each state that develops a NAP will look to those that went before. And of those already on the table, there are few that live up to the billing of their own titles. A National Action Plan must first and foremost be about future plans for action, not descriptions of legislation or recaps of past action. Governments that see this process as a tiresome necessity will entirely miss the opportunity that the Guiding Principles provide them with to engage with both business and with civil society on initiatives that can address not just business and human rights but also poverty, income inequality, social justice and sustainable development. | Learn more about Shift’s contributions to NAP processes in Germany, the UK and the US

2. Moving remedy beyond the rhetoric

The third pillar of the Guiding Principles, access to effective remedy, is sometimes described as the “forgotten pillar.” At Shift, we don’t see it as forgotten, nor inherently weak, but as uncomfortable and hard to talk about.

That’s in part why we haven’t yet seen any National Action Plan on business and human rights meaningfully address judicial remedy, despite this being one aspect of the Guiding Principles that depends entirely on states for its effective implementation. It’s also why discussions among companies often get bogged down in concerns about exposure to liability rather than realizing the critical early warning role that effective grievance mechanisms can play. Surely it’s much better to know about human rights problems before they become liabilities? 

Surely it’s much better to know about human rights problems before they become liabilities? 

In terms of progress on access to judicial remedy, we were encouraged like many others to see the Council of Europe’s recommendations on this topic in early 2016. And we were pleased to help facilitate government workshops as part of the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights’ (OHCHR) work on improving accountability and access to judicial remedy. Their work was welcomed by the UN Human Rights Council in June and culminated in guidance for states. So now we have states committing themselves to take action on judicial remedy and guidance on how they can do so – two key ingredients for urgently needed progress in this area. 

3. Changing the discourse on human rights and development

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by the United Nations last year. These 17 goals aim to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and tackle climate change by 2030. They include the need to end hunger and promote sustainable agriculture, to achieve gender equality and promote decent work for all.

Advancing human rights is critical to achieving most of the goals, as illustrated so well by the Danish Institute for Human Rights. And respect for human rights should sit at the heart of any company’s strategy for how it will contribute to the SDGs.

Respect is positive, it is transformative, it is essential. It is the hallmark of a lasting and future-ready, competitive company.

Yet there is a risk that companies see the Guiding Principles as just a “do no harm” standard, a matter of compliance, or “the starting point” en route to more exciting and innovative ideas for how they can support the SDGs. This overlooks the SDGs’ potential to drive positive change for hundreds of millions of the poorest and most marginalized people.

When a company drives diversity and inclusion through its workplaces, it not only reduces risks of discrimination but can open opportunities for women, minorities and others and help change attitudes in society. When a company collaborates with others to push forced labor or poverty wages out of its supply chain, it both reduces risks of abuses and helps workers around the world begin to build lives with dignity and opportunity for themselves and their families. When a company builds a new dam or digs a mine following meaningful dialogue with communities to gain their consent, it protects people from dispossession and empowers them to expect a say in decisions that affect their basic welfare.

In short, there is no more pressing, nor more powerful, way for companies to contribute to the SDGs than to advance respect for human rights across their value chains. Respect for human rights is not “just” an exercise in compliance or risk management. It is positive, it is transformative, it is essential. It is the hallmark of a lasting and future-ready, competitive company.

4. Standing up for human rights is not a crime

It is impossible to reflect on the issues that need urgent action without acknowledging the murder this year of Berta Cáceres as well as the violent deaths of other leaders of her organization COPINH, and the extreme risks that many other human rights defenders like them face on a daily basis. Whether standing up to companies or to states, their bravery is extraordinary.

The Guiding Principles place potentially affected stakeholders, including human rights defenders, in a central role — their perspectives are at the heart of human rights due diligence. If they are afraid of raising concerns, if they face threats for simply naming hard facts, then the fundamental premise of human rights due diligence starts to break down. 

The International Corporate Accountability Roundtable, together with the International Service for Human Rights, have developed practical guidance for states on how to meaningfully involve human rights defenders and address threats to them as part of National Action Plan processes. And the Coalition for Human Rights in Development has been drawing development finance institutions’ attention to the urgency of this issue.

Persecution of human rights defenders should deeply concern all of us who want to see the Guiding Principles fulfill their promise.

5. Ending hypocrisy: say what you mean, do what you say

Respecting human rights isn’t something a company does in just one part of its business and it is not something that can be given to one department to “fix” and then ignored. If a company is serious about meeting its responsibility under the Guiding Principles, it needs to take a tough look across all parts of its business, including those that are integrally connected to its organizational strategy. Two that require particular scrutiny are taxation arrangements and government lobbying activities.

When companies pursue offshore tax structures and other means designed to avoid paying appropriate taxes where they earn their profits, they cut into the revenues governments need to meet their own obligations to respect, protect and fulfill people’s human rights. Too often those same companies will bemoan that governments do not play their part in implementing their own labor and environmental laws, oblivious to the irony of what they’re saying. Similarly, when companies lobby – directly or through third parties – against improved labor standards, higher minimum wages or greater consultation rights for communities, they both fail in their own responsibilities and undermine the role of the state.

These will be crucial next frontiers on the road to more fully putting business respect for human rights into practice.

Rachel Davis and Caroline Rees are the co-founders of Shift and leading experts on how companies can implement the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. 

Dr. Christine Chow /

Board Member

She/Her

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Dr. Christine Chow has more than 25 years’ experience in investment management spanning sustainable investment, corporate governance, technology and AI.

She has held senior leadership roles at UBS Asset Management, HSBC Asset Management and Federated Hermes, where she led global stewardship, thematic research, responsible investment and engagement with companies on sustainability and governance issues. She was the human rights engagement lead at Federated Hermes, where she pioneered its approach to global value chain engagement with electronics companies, and advocated for provenance and traceability of critical minerals.

Christine served as Managing Director at UBS Asset Management, leading on global stewardship, thematic research and impact engagement. Previously, she was Global Head of Stewardship and a board member of HSBC Asset Management UK Limited, and Head of Asia and Global Technology at Federated Hermes EOS. From 2019 to 2025, she served as a board member and then Chair of the International Corporate Governance Network (ICGN), a global investor-led organisation representing around US$100 trillion in assets under management across more than 40 countries.

Christine is recognised internationally for her work on responsible investment, AI governance and corporate stewardship. She has published influential work on responsible AI and data governance and was a member of the UK Parliament’s All-Party Parliamentary Group on Artificial Intelligence, serving on its Data Governance Task Force. She is the Appointed Advisor of AFRC in Hong Kong, the independent regulator of the accounting profession, and Emeritus Governor of the London School of Economics. Her PhD research on responsible investment was shortlisted for a United Nations award recognising industry relevance and academic excellence.

David Vermijs /

Director

He/Him Amsterdam

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As Director, David engages with business partners to better identify, prioritize and act on salient human rights issues, embedding the UN Guiding Principles in companies’ decision-making processes.

Specializes in Business Enterprises

As Director, David engages with business partners to better identify, prioritize and act on salient human rights issues, embedding the UN Guiding Principles in companies’ decision-making processes.

David has over a decade of experience advising multinational corporations, governments, NGOs and others on business and human rights. Prior to joining Shift, David provided research assistance to the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for business and human rights John Ruggie. As part of his contributions, David field-tested human rights due diligence with a group of Dutch companies and their stakeholders, and he supported research on company-led grievance mechanisms.

From 2008 to 2010, David was the lead consultant on an 18-month project, the Business and Human Rights Initiative, under the umbrella of the Global Compact Network Netherlands. The initiative was a collaboration between 10 Dutch multinationals – ABN AMRO, AkzoNobel, Essent, KLM, Philips, Rabobank, Randstad, Shell, TNT and Unilever – and led to the publication of a ground-breaking business guidance tool, How to Do Business with Respect for Human Rights, in 2010. Through his work at Shift, David led the update of this publication from 2014 to 2016 with the support of the Dutch government under their National Action Plan on implementing the Guiding Principles.

Another major guidance tool David has helped develop addresses due diligence on child labor, published by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Organisation of Employers (IOE) in 2015. The guidance was the result of a multi-year, multi-stakeholder, multi-country project led by David involving the ILO, IOE, companies, unions, NGOs and other stakeholders.

David was previously a Research Fellow at the Corporate Responsibility Initiative at the Harvard Kennedy School, including assisting in teaching on business and human rights, global governance, corporate governance and leadership. David sits in a personal capacity on the board of the Dutch Social and Economic Council International Corporate Social Responsibility Committee. He has a Masters in Public Policy from the Harvard Kennedy School and a Bachelor of Arts in Business from Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands. David is a Dutch national, speaks English and Dutch and is proficient in Spanish and German.

Anna Triponel /

Senior Associate

She/Her London

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As a Senior Associate with Shift, Anna advises companies, lawyers, investors and business associations on how to put the Guiding Principles into practice.

As a Senior Associate with Shift, Anna advises companies, investors and business associations on how to put the Guiding Principles into practice. Trained as a lawyer, Anna focuses particularly on working with legal professionals on their role in implementing the Guiding Principles and has led work on analyzing regulations in various jurisdictions and how they align to the Guiding Principles. She also has particular expertise on the UN Guiding Principles Reporting Framework. 

Prior to joining Shift, Anna provided input to the work of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for business and human rights John Ruggie as a legal consultant. During this period, Anna also opened the New York office of the Public International Law & Policy Group, where she advised government officials, opposition leaders, human rights victims and civil society organizations on human rights, constitutional reform and transitional justice in Burma, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Somaliland, Tunisia, Uganda and Zimbabwe.

Anna was previously a mergers and acquisitions associate at the law firm of Jones Day in New York, where she advised a broad range of multinational companies on cross-border mergers and acquisitions, joint venture, private equity and venture capital transactions. She founded and led the law firm’s International Law Pro Bono Group. She began her career as an advisor to the World Bank, advising on development governance structures to better meet the Millennium Development Goal of achieving universal primary education.

Anna is a (non-practicing) lawyer qualified in New York, England & Wales and France. She is a frequent expert speaker and writer on business and human rights and is the recipient of various professional awards, including the Empire State Counsel Award for changing the lives of those unable to afford counsel and the Seymour-Reuben Award for shaping international law. Anna has a Masters in International Law from American University Washington College of Law and a degree in common and civil law from the University of Paris X. She has been awarded the Business Sustainability Management certificate from the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL) and the MBA Essentials certificate from London School of Economics (LSE). Anna is a British and French national and speaks English and French.

Martyn Platt /

Head of Human Resources

He/Him

As Head of Human Resources, Martyn leads Shift’s global people strategy and oversees all aspects of HR across the organization.

As Head of Human Resources, Martyn leads Shift’s global people strategy and oversees all aspects of HR across the organization. He ensures that Shift’s systems, policies and practices foster a thriving, inclusive and values-driven culture that supports our mission to embed respect for people’s dignity at the core of business practice.

Martyn brings over a decade of HR leadership experience across mission-driven and international organizations working at the intersection of business and society. Prior to joining Shift, he was Director of People Development & Culture at the PRI and earlier worked with Business in the Community. In these roles, he developed and embedded HR business partnering models, guided the organizations through significant growth and transformation, and partnered with senior leaders to design and implement people strategies that supported the delivery of their mission. Most recently, he served as a consultant with the WeProtect Global Alliance, where he supported the establishment of their HR function.

He is a Chartered Member of the CIPD and holds a Level 7 Diploma in Human Resource Management, as well as an ILM Level 7 Certificate in Executive Coaching and Mentoring, reflecting his strong focus on leadership development and coaching. Martyn studied German and International Relations at the University of Exeter, including a year at the University of Würzburg in Germany. He later worked on education projects in Nicaragua, strengthening his global outlook and commitment to people-centred change.

Martyn is based in the United Kingdom.

Brianna Peterson /

Senior Advisor

She/Her Rome

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As a Senior Advisor at Shift, Brianna advises financial institutions and companies on how to put the UNGPs into practice, with a particular focus on the nexus between human rights and climate change.

Specializes in Financial Institutions

As a Senior Advisor at Shift, Brianna advises financial institutions and companies on how to put the UNGPs into practice, with a particular focus on the nexus between human rights and climate change. Brianna combines environment and climate change expertise with experience developing and implementing human rights policies, due diligence approaches and sustainability reporting.

Before Shift, Brianna spearheaded innovative sustainability initiatives at Sustainable Development Technology Canada and Export Development Canada (EDC). At EDC she led the development and implementation of exciting new portfolio approaches for climate change and human rights risk management, as well as aligning EDC’s corporate reporting with international reporting frameworks, such as the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures and the UNGPs Reporting Framework.  She also led EDC’s international sustainability negotiations and engagements, including as co-Chair of the Equator Principles Climate Change Working Group.

Prior to joining EDC, Brianna worked for nine years as a diplomat with Canada’s foreign ministry, including four years at the United Nations General Assembly where she led environment and development negotiations, advocacy and outreach on behalf of the Government of Canada, including for the creation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Brianna has also advised international financial institutions including the World Bank Group, institutional investors, bilateral development agencies, and small- and medium-sized enterprises on the practical application of environment, climate change, human rights standards.

Brianna has an undergraduate degree in Chemical Engineering from Queen’s University and a Master’s degree in Environmental Change & Management from the University of Oxford.

Ashleigh Owens /

Director | Financial Institutions Lead

She/Her New York City

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As Shift’s Director / Financial Institutions Lead, Ashleigh leads our work with financial institutions and supports other partners across industries, leveraging her breadth of experience to tackle cutting-edge issues and entrenched challenges on the road to implementation of the UN Guiding Principles.

Specializes in Financial Institutions | Valuing Respect

As Director / Financial Institutions Lead, Ashleigh engages directly with financial institutions, companies and investors as they embed respect for human rights into their operations and business relationships. She also leads on pieces of research under our Valuing Respect Project, which is focused on developing better ways to evaluate business respect for human rights. Ashleigh has a breadth of experience approaching the Guiding Principles from business, legal and academic perspectives and brings a holistic view to Guiding Principles implementation.

Ashleigh was previously Executive Director at Ernst & Young’s Climate Change and Sustainability Services. At EY Japan, she led a team of consultants supporting policy-making, educational program and governance design, stakeholder dialogue and due diligence strategies for multinational and domestic companies across a variety of industries.  As founder of the EY Human Rights Network, she led the enhancement of EY’s human rights capabilities across EY’s global network. In her role she was a frequent speaker and moderator of dialogues at multi-stakeholder fora and functioned as a connector between civil society, government and corporate actors with a common goal of empowering business to respect rights.

From 2012 to 2014 she conducted research at the United Nations University in the field of Sustainability Science, specializing in business and human rights. She prepared research for the UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights and spent time at the UN Global Compact New York and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Ashleigh later sat on the UN Global Compact’s Human Rights and Labour Working Group and drafted the Global Compact’s 2015 Guide on How to Develop a Human Rights Policy.

Ashleigh is a lawyer qualified in Australia and England & Wales and specialized in intellectual property law, labor law and public international law. She has advised governments and companies on state human rights obligations, companies on the nexus between bilateral investment treaties and human rights and fellow lawyers on integrating the Guiding Principles into legal advice. In 2007 she won the Intellectual Property Society of Australia & NZ prize.

Ashleigh has authored or contributed to a number of publications including: Business and Human Rights: Corporate Japan Rises to the Challenge (joint publication between EY Japan and Global Compact Network Japan), Corporate Social Responsibility Can Save Japan (Op-ed in Japan Times), Cumulative Human Rights Impacts (in UN Global Compact/ Maplecroft Business Dilemmas Forum) as well as several legal publications on intellectual property law in Australia and English translations of Japanese High Court judgments. She is also a member of the Advisory Board for the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)’s Division for Prosperity.

Ashleigh has degrees in Law and Asian Studies from the University of Western Australia, with studies also conducted at the University of Vienna and Sophia University in Japan. She has a Masters of Science in Sustainability from the United Nations University and has undertaken the institution’s Leadership for Sustainability program. Ashleigh is an Australian national, and is fluent in Japanese.

Rachel Davis /

Vice President and Co-Founder

She/Her Sydney

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As the Vice President and Co-Founder of Shift, Rachel helps shape our strategy and oversees a range of our collaborations with companies, governments, investors, civil society and other partners. Rachel is also responsible for driving our work on standards advocacy and with sports associations.

Specializes in Standard Setters | Sports and Human Rights

Rachel is one of Shift’s co-founders and has led work at Shift over the last decade on standard-setting, human rights and sports, financial institutions, conflict and international law.

As Vice President, Rachel shapes our strategy and oversees a range of our collaborations with companies, governments, investors, civil society and other partners. Rachel leads Shift’s work to influence standard-setters of all kinds to integrate the UN Guiding Principles into the rules that govern business, including engaging with governments and the European Union on mandatory human rights due diligence.

Rachel also has unique experience advising and leading efforts to drive respect for human rights into the operations of global sports governing bodies. Rachel was the Chair of FIFA’s independent Human Rights Advisory Board while it operated, between 2017 and 2021. She has advised the International Olympic Committee on human rights since 2018, including co-authoring recommendations for the IOC on a comprehensive human rights strategy with former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra’ad Al-Hussein.

Rachel has more than a decade of experience in implementing the Guiding Principles with a wide range of organizations, including public and private financial institutions and companies from diverse business sectors and geographies, and she frequently leads and facilitates engagements with senior audiences around the world. She is the co-author of the leading study of the costs of company-community conflict in the extractive sector.

Prior to co-founding Shift, Rachel was a senior legal advisor from 2006-2011 to the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on business and human rights, Harvard Professor John Ruggie. She played a pivotal role in the development of the Guiding Principles, advising on all aspects of the relationship between the Guiding Principles and national and international law.

Rachel is also a Senior Program Fellow with the Corporate Responsibility Initiative at Harvard Kennedy School and has experience at the highest levels of the Australian legal system and internationally, having clerked at the High Court of Australia and at the UN International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague. She has a particular interest in Indigenous peoples’ rights, having advised the Australian Federal Attorney-General’s Department on Indigenous affairs and acted as Ruggie’s liaison with the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues during his UN mandate.

Rachel has a Master of Laws degree from Harvard Law School and Bachelors degrees in Law and Politics from the University of New South Wales in Sydney, where she also lectured and published in law. She is a (non-practicing) lawyer qualified in New South Wales.

Federico Burlon /

Director

He/Him London

As Director at Shift, Federico engages with business partners to better identify, prioritize and act on salient human rights issues, embedding the UN Guiding Principles in companies’ decision-making processes.

Specializes in Business Enterprises

As Director at Shift, Federico engages with business partners to better identify, prioritize and act on salient human rights issues, embedding the UN Guiding Principles in companies’ decision-making processes.

Prior to joining Shift, Federico was Head of Delivery at Impactt. Federico managed a portfolio of clients, supported by a team of consultants. He led human rights assessment and remediation projects in the construction, energy, food and shipbuilding industries. This resulted in positive outcomes such as the return of passports and reimbursement of recruitment fees to workers and the strengthening of companies’ employment practices. Federico led Impactt’s engagement with the Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy in Qatar as external monitor of worker welfare in the construction of venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. He also developed Impactt’s Diagnostics community of practice, delivering for clients as well as building internal capacity to execute human rights assessments around the world, with a focus on worker voice.

Prior to Impactt, Federico was a Sustainability Manager at Tesco plc. He contributed to the roll out of Tesco’s ethical trading programme to the goods-not-for-resale value chain. Federico engaged with hundreds of product and services suppliers and internal purchasing and sourcing teams to raise awareness of human rights issues and to prioritise and address the findings from third-party social audits. He also worked on climate change to develop a roadmap to achieve Tesco’s carbon reduction commitments related to direct and supply chain emissions.

In prior roles, Federico worked with a variety of human rights organisations in the United Kingdom and United States.

Federico holds a MSc in Human Rights from the London School of Economics and a BA in Political Science and International Studies from Macalester College, with a focus on human rights law and international migration. He is a United World College Adriatic alumnus and is from Argentina.

Erika George /

Board Member

She/Her

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Erika George is Director of the Tanner Humanities Center and Samuel D. Thurman Professor of Law at the University of Utah. She has conducted leading research and is a passionate advocate for women’s rights, children’s rights, gender equality and environmental justice. 

Professor Erika R. George is the Associate Dean for Equity, Justice, & Engagement, Professor of Law, and Ernest Haddad Faculty Scholar at Boston University School of Law and a leading expert in business and human rights.

Professor George is the author of “Incorporating Rights: Strategies to Advance Corporate Accountability” (Oxford University Press, 2021), which examines the evolution of demands for corporate responsibility to respect international human rights. She was a founding member of the editorial board of the Business and Human Rights Journal (Cambridge University Press) and since 2022  has served on the board of Shift. 

Before joining BU Law in 2024, Professor George spent over two decades at the University of Utah as the Samuel D. Thurman Professor of Law. She directed the Tanner Humanities Center for four years and worked to enhance engagement and expand and diversify audiences for public humanities programs during her tenure. She also advocated for academic freedom and the right to read. Along with the former poet laureate of Utah, she co-founded the PEN America Utah Chapter to protect access to information and prevent censorship. 

Professor George is an elected member of the American Law Institute, an American Bar Foundation fellow, a trustee of Earthjustice, and serves on the Executive Board of the American Bar Association Center for Human Rights.

She is the recipient of numerous awards including the Society of American Law Teachers’ M. Shanara Gilbert Human Rights Award and the Salt Lake City Human Rights Commission Human Rights Award.

Professor George earned her BA with honors from the University of Chicago, a MA in International Relations from the University of Chicago, and a JD from Harvard Law School. She also clerked for Judge William T. Hart of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. She was a litigation associate at the law firm of Jenner & Block in Chicago before joining Human Rights Watch as a research fellow.

We recorded an interview with Professor George when she joined Shift’s Board in February of 2022. It is available here.

Erika George is Director of the Tanner Humanities Center and Samuel D. Thurman Professor of Law at the University of Utah. Prior to joining the University of Utah, Professor George served as a law clerk and litigation associate at prominent firms in both Illinois and New York. She also worked as a fellow and later consultant at Human Rights Watch, where she conducted investigations in South Africa on women’s rights, children’s rights, violence, the right to education and abuses related to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. She wrote a book-length report, Scared at School: Sexual Violence Against Girls in South African Schools, which received widespread media coverage in South Africa and internationally. She currently serves as special counsel to the Women’s Rights Division of Human Rights Watch.

Her scholarship has appeared in the California Law Review, the Michigan Journal of International Law, the New York University Journal of International Law and Policy, and the annual proceedings of the American Society of International Law.

Professor George has served on the Executive Committee of the U.S. Department of State Public-Private Partnership for Justice Reform in Afghanistan and as a member of the board of the American Civil Liberties Union of Utah. She is an Editor for the blog globaljusticeblog.com.

We recorded an interview with Professor George when she joined Shift’s Board in February of 2022. It is available here.

John Ruggie /

Founding Chair / In Memoriam

John Ruggie is the author of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.

In Memory of John Ruggie

John served as the founding Chair of Shift from 2011 to 2021. He was the Berthold Beitz Research Professor in Human Rights and International Affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. He also taught at the Berkeley and San Diego campuses of the University of California, and at Columbia University where he became Dean of the School of International and Public Affairs. From 1997-2001 John served as UN Assistant Secretary-General for Strategic Planning in the cabinet of Kofi Annan; from 2002-2005 as Special Advisor to the Secretary-General for the Global Compact; and from 2005-2011 as Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Business and Human Rights.

A Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, he received numerous awards from academic and professional societies for his contributions to social science, public policy and the development of international law. In addition to serving as Shift’s Board Chairman, John was also on the Board of Arabesque Asset Management Holding Company as well as Unilever’s Sustainability Advisory Council. His book, Just Business: Multinational Corporations and Human Rights, has been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese and Spanish.

Caroline Rees /

President and Co-Founder

She/Her New York City

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As Shift’s President, Caroline leads our strategic development and drives our thought leadership work on key challenges and opportunities in advancing corporate respect for business and human rights.

As the President and Co-Founder of Shift, Caroline leads our organizational strategy and development and drives our thought leadership work on key challenges and opportunities in advancing corporate respect for business and human rights. Caroline speaks extensively at events around the world and frequently facilitates dialogue and debate amongst companies, governments, investors and civil society. In recent years, Caroline has focused on improving corporate human rights reporting as a catalyst for better human rights risk management, and on improving the data and methods used in evaluating companies’ social performance as part of ESG (environmental, social and governance) analysis. She has written and spoken extensively on the relevance of business respect for human rights, and the UNGPs specifically, to movements that seek to advance sustainability, equality, ESG investing, stakeholder capitalism, and human and social capital.

Caroline previously spent 14 years with the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office. From 2003 to 2006 she led the UK’s human rights negotiating team at the UN and she ran the negotiations to establish the mandate of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on business and human rights. The success of this initiative led to Professor John Ruggie’s appointment and from 2007-2011 Caroline was a lead advisor on his team and deeply involved in the drafting of the Guiding Principles.

From 2009 to 2011 Caroline was also the Director of the Governance and Accountability Program at the Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative at Harvard Kennedy School and she remains a Senior Program Fellow there. Caroline is a member of the Imperatives Board of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, the Board of the Capitals Coalition, the Unilever Sustainability Advisory Council, and the Steering Committee of the Taskforce on Inequality and Social-related Financial Disclosures.

Caroline’s prior British foreign service career covered Iran, Slovakia, the UN Security Council in New York and the European Union in Brussels. Caroline has a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) from Oxford University and a Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. Caroline is a British national and speaks English, French and German.