Red Flag 12. Land use in geographies where ownership may be contested

For Example

Relying on land use, including for infrastructure, energy, extractive or carbon offset projects or the provision of commodities (e.g., timber, biofuels), in locations where:

• Indigenous Peoples have traditional ownership or use of land
• Ethnic/minority groups have historically been denied or dispossessed of formal land ownership rights
• Women may not have access to legal land ownership
• People live and work on communally held land without formal legal title
• Owners of land may have been otherwise dispossessed or moved without consultation or adequate compensation

Higher-Risk Sectors

• Large-scale infrastructure (e.g., ports, roads, urban development)
• Renewable and conventional electricity generation and distribution (e.g., wind and solar farms, dams, power plants, transmission lines)
• Fossil fuel exploration, extraction and transportation (e.g., oil fields, pipelines)
• Mining and mineral exploration
• Information and Communication Technology (e.g., phone and transmission lines; masts and towers; data centers)
• Forestry (e.g., timber extraction, pulp and paper)
• Industrial agriculture (e.g., crops, livestock, irrigation projects, biofuels)
• Tourism (e.g., resort areas)
• Nature-based solutions for carbon mitigation/sequestration (e.g., reforestation or afforestation projects, agroforestry)
• Nature conservation projects